{"id":3099,"date":"2011-09-22T05:00:30","date_gmt":"2011-09-22T05:00:30","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/xromata.com\/?p=3099"},"modified":"2011-10-02T16:03:34","modified_gmt":"2011-10-02T16:03:34","slug":"%cf%84%ce%bf-%ce%b8%ce%b5%ce%bc%ce%b1-gladstone","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/xromata.com\/?p=3099","title":{"rendered":"\u03a4\u03bf \u03b8\u03b5\u03bc\u03b1 Gladstone – Gladstone’s issue"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Ο Γκλ\u03acδστων και η δυσχρωματοψ\u03afα των αρχα\u03afων Ελλ\u03aeνων<\/span><\/u>
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Για την δυσχρωματοψ\u03afα αφιερ\u03ceσαμε πολλ\u03ac \u03acρθρα στο παρελθ\u03ccν. Παρ’ αυτ\u03ac δεν τελει\u03ceσαμε ακ\u03ccμα μαζ\u03af της. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Αφορμ\u03aeς διδομ\u03adνης απ\u03cc την δυσχρωματοψ\u03afα αναπτ\u03cdσσονται, \u03ccπως θα δο\u03cdμε, δι\u03acφορα θ\u03adματα β\u03acση αυτ\u03aeς. \u0388να απ\u03cc τα θ\u03adματα αυτ\u03ac ε\u03afναι και η δυσχρωματοψ\u03afα των αρχα\u03afων Ελλ\u03aeνων. \u038cχι μην ανησυχε\u03afτε! Δεν \u03adπασχαν απ\u03cc δυσχρωματοψ\u03afα οι κ\u03acτοικοι του αρχα\u03afου ελληνικο\u03cd κ\u03ccσμου. Μια χαρ\u03ac τα \u03adβλεπαν τα χρ\u03ceματα. Απλ\u03ceς \u03adτσι ν\u03ccμιζε ο αξι\u03ccτιμος σερ Γκλ\u03acδστων. Αλλ\u03ac ας π\u03acρουμε τα πρ\u03acγματα με την σειρ\u03ac!<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Το θ\u03adμα κιν\u03aeθηκε εκε\u03af στα μ\u03adσα προς τα τ\u03adλη του 19ου<\/sup> αι\u03ceνα και αφορο\u03cdσε στο πως και αν δι\u03adκριναν \u03ccλα τα χρ\u03ceματα οι αρχα\u03afοι \u0388λληνες. Υποκινητ\u03aeς του θ\u03adματος, το 1857, ο σερ <\/span>William<\/span> <\/span>Ewart<\/span> <\/span>Gladstone<\/span>. \u038cχι δεν \u03aeταν μισ\u03adλλην ο \u03acνθρωπος, \u03afσα – \u03afσα μ\u03acλλον το αντ\u03afθετο και \u03aeταν \u03adνας περ\u03afφημος Ομηριστ\u03aeς (ερευνητ\u03aeς των ομηρικ\u03ceν επ\u03ceν) της εποχ\u03aeς του! <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Μελετ\u03ceντας τον \u038cμηρο ο <\/span>Gladstone<\/span> <\/span>σημε\u03afωσε τις χρωματικ\u03adς αναφορ\u03adς στα ομηρικ\u03ac \u03adπη, οι οπο\u03afες \u03ccντως ποσοτικ\u03ac ε\u03afναι ελ\u03acχιστες και περιορ\u03afζονται στην απ\u03ccδοση \u03acσπρου, μα\u03cdρου και κ\u03ccκκινου χρ\u03ceματος.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Απ\u03cc την μελ\u03adτη που \u03adκανε ο κ\u03cdριος Ου\u03afλιαμ απεφ\u03acνθη πως οι αρχα\u03afοι \u0388λληνες \u03adπασχαν συνολικ\u03ac απ\u03cc δυσχρωματοψ\u03afα και δεν ε\u03afχαν πλ\u03aeρη αντ\u03afληψη \u03ccλων των χρωμ\u03acτων. Η \u03acποψη αυτ\u03ae ενισχ\u03cdθηκε απ\u03cc τις ανακαλ\u03cdψεις αρχαιοελληνικ\u03ceν ευρημ\u03acτων, που \u03aeταν σε \u03adξαρση την εποχ\u03ae εκε\u03afνη, \u03ccπου σχεδ\u03ccν \u03ccλα τα αγ\u03acλματα και οι ναο\u03af ε\u03afχαν το λευκ\u03cc χρ\u03ceμα του μαρμ\u03acρου.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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 Επειδ\u03ae την περ\u03afοδο εκε\u03afνη οι γν\u03ceσεις περ\u03af χρωματικ\u03aeς αντ\u03afληψης \u03aeταν κ\u03acτι καινο\u03cdργιο (βλ\u03adπε Ντ\u03acλτων), \u03acρα και της μ\u03ccδας, αλλ\u03ac και ελ\u03acχιστες σε σχ\u03adση με τις σημεριν\u03adς, οι οπαδο\u03af της θεωρ\u03afας του <\/span>Gladstone<\/span> <\/span>υποστ\u03aeριζαν πως οι αρχα\u03afοι λαο\u03af δεν ε\u03afχαν ανεπτυγμ\u03adνη χρωματικ\u03ae \u03ccραση και \u03ccτι αυτ\u03ae \u03aeταν μια εξ\u03adλιξη του ανθρ\u03ceπινου ε\u03afδους η οπο\u03afα αναπτ\u03cdχθηκε αργ\u03ccτερα, επομ\u03adνως η πλ\u03aeρης χρωματικ\u03ae αντ\u03afληψη ε\u03afναι μια ευλογ\u03afα που χαρακτηρ\u03afζει τους  πιο ανεπτυγμ\u03adνους και πολιτισμ\u03adνους ανθρ\u03ceπους της σ\u03cdγχρονης εποχ\u03aeς. Τ\u03ccση δε \u03adκταση π\u03aeρε το θ\u03adμα που δημιο\u03cdργησε ο σερ Ου\u03afλιαμ και τ\u03adτοια \u03aeταν η φ\u03aeμη που απ\u03adκτησε, \u03ceστε εξελ\u03adγη πρωθυπουργ\u03ccς της Αγγλ\u03afας και μ\u03acλιστα τετρ\u03acκις.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Μετ\u03ac απ\u03cc αρκετ\u03cc καιρ\u03cc αποδε\u03afχθηκε η πλ\u03acνη του απ\u03cc τους αντιπ\u03acλους της θεωρ\u03afας του, οι οπο\u03afοι ανακ\u03acλυψαν \u03afχνη βαφ\u03ceν στα περισσ\u03ccτερα αγ\u03acλματα και σ\u03aeμερα πλ\u03adον γνωρ\u03afζουμε πως σχεδ\u03ccν \u03ccλα τα αγ\u03acλματα και οι ναο\u03af, ακ\u03ccμα και ο Παρθεν\u03ceνας \u03aeταν πλο\u03cdσια και πολ\u03cdχρωμα βαμμ\u03adνα.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0388τσι λοιπ\u03ccν αποκαταστ\u03acθηκε η τιμ\u03ae των αρχα\u03afων Ελλ\u03aeνων, απεδε\u03afχθη \u03ccτι δεν ε\u03afχαν ελαττωματικ\u03ae χρωματικ\u03ae αντ\u03afληψη και \u03ccτι για το μπ\u03adρδεμα αυτ\u03cc υπα\u03afτια ε\u03afναι η εννοιολογικ\u03ae αν\u03acπτυξη των χρωματικ\u03ceν \u03ccρων, κ\u03acτι που \u03ccπως και η επιστ\u03aeμη της εννοιολογ\u03afας, αγνοε\u03afτο την εποχ\u03ae του \u0386γγλου Ομηριστ\u03ae.   <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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 <\/span>Sr.Gladstone<\/span><\/u><\/span> and<\/span> the dyschromatopsia of<\/span> the ancient Greeks<\/span><\/span><\/u><\/p>\n

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There are many articles<\/span> in the past dedicated<\/span> to<\/span> dyschromatopsia,<\/span> although we<\/span> have not<\/span> finished<\/span> yet<\/span> with it.<\/span>
\nCause of it,<\/span> dyschromatopsia,<\/span> as we shall see<\/span>, there are various issues<\/span> developed<\/span>. One of<\/span> these issues<\/span> is<\/span> dyschromatopsia<\/span> in ancient Greeks.<\/span> No<\/span> worry<\/span>!  <\/span>Inhabitants<\/span> of the ancient<\/span> Greek world did not suffer from<\/span> dyschromatopsia<\/span>. They did see colors perfectly. That was<\/span> just<\/span> a thought of<\/span> the honorable<\/span> Sir<\/span> Gladstone<\/span>. But<\/span> let’s<\/span> get<\/span> things<\/span> in<\/span> order<\/span>!<\/span><\/p>\n

This issue<\/span><\/span> emerged<\/span> in mid<\/span> to<\/span> late<\/span> 19th<\/span> century<\/span> and its subject was<\/span> if and how<\/span> were seen the colors by<\/span> the ancient<\/span> Greeks.<\/span> Instigator<\/span> of the issue<\/span> was Sir William Ewart Gladstone<\/span> in 1857.<\/span> Not that he was<\/span> against the Greeks but rather the<\/span> opposite and he<\/span> was<\/span> a<\/span> famous<\/span> Homeric scholar<\/span> (researcher<\/span> of the Homeric<\/span> epics<\/span>) of his time<\/span>!
\nStudying<\/span> Homer,<\/span> Gladstone<\/span> noted the<\/span> color<\/span> references<\/span> in the Homeric<\/span> epics<\/span>, which is actually<\/span> quantify<\/span> minimal and<\/span> limited to the<\/span> reference<\/span> of white<\/span>, black and red.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

From<\/span><\/span> the<\/span> study<\/span> done by<\/span> Sr.<\/span> William<\/span> derived<\/span> that the ancient<\/span> Greeks<\/span> suffered of<\/span> an almost total<\/span> dyschromatopsia<\/span> and had<\/span> not full perception<\/span> of all colors.<\/span> This point of view was reinforced<\/span> by<\/span> the discoveries of<\/span> ancient<\/span> finds,<\/span> which<\/span> were<\/span> rife<\/span> at the time,<\/span> where almost<\/span> all the<\/span> statues<\/span> and temples<\/span> were<\/span> of<\/span> white<\/span> marble<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Since<\/span><\/span> that time<\/span> the<\/span> knowledge of<\/span> color<\/span> perception<\/span> and malfunction was a new<\/span> concept (<\/span>see Dalton<\/span>), and therefore on<\/span> fashion, but also<\/span> minimal compared<\/span> with today’s knowledge<\/span>, fans of Gladstone’s<\/span> doctrine argued<\/span> that ancient<\/span> peoples<\/span> had<\/span> not developed<\/span> color vision<\/span> and that this<\/span> was<\/span> an evolution<\/span> of the human species<\/span> that<\/span> developed later<\/span>, so the full<\/span> color<\/span> perception is a<\/span> blessing that<\/span> characterizes<\/span> the more advanced<\/span> and<\/span> civilized<\/span> people<\/span> of today.<\/span> So much<\/span> expansion had<\/span> the issue<\/span> created by<\/span> Sir<\/span> William and<\/span> such was<\/span> the reputation<\/span> he gained<\/span> that he<\/span> elected<\/span> Prime Minister<\/span> of England<\/span> four times<\/span>.
\nAfter<\/span> some time<\/span> has proved<\/span> his<\/span> fallacy<\/span> by the opponents<\/span> of the theory<\/span>, who discovered<\/span> traces of<\/span> paint on<\/span> most<\/span> statues<\/span> and now we<\/span> know<\/span> that almost<\/span> all the<\/span> statues<\/span> and temples<\/span>, even Parthenon<\/span> was rich<\/span> and colorful<\/span> painted.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

So<\/span><\/span> it was proved<\/span> that ancient<\/span> Greeks had<\/span> not defective<\/span> color<\/span> vision<\/span> and that for<\/span> this confusion<\/span> was<\/span> culpable the<\/span> conceptual<\/span> development of<\/span> color terms<\/span>, something that<\/span> like the<\/span> science of<\/span> conceptual was<\/span> ignored<\/span> at the time<\/span> of the English<\/span> Homeric scholar<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Ο Γκλ\u03acδστων και η δυσχρωματοψ\u03afα των αρχα\u03afων Ελλ\u03aeνων     Για την δυσχρωματοψ\u03afα αφιερ\u03ceσαμε πολλ\u03ac \u03acρθρα στο παρελθ\u03ccν. Παρ’ αυτ\u03ac δεν τελει\u03ceσαμε ακ\u03ccμα μαζ\u03af της. Αφορμ\u03aeς διδομ\u03adνης απ\u03cc την δυσχρωματοψ\u03afα αναπτ\u03cdσσονται, \u03ccπως θα δο\u03cdμε, δι\u03acφορα θ\u03adματα β\u03acση αυτ\u03aeς. \u0388να απ\u03cc τα θ\u03adματα αυτ\u03ac ε\u03afναι και η δυσχρωματοψ\u03afα των αρχα\u03afων Ελλ\u03aeνων. \u038cχι μην ανησυχε\u03afτε! […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,11,78,76],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3099","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized","category-aftoi-poy-ascholithikan-me-to-xroma","category-dischromatopsia","category-eniologia"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/xromata.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3099","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/xromata.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/xromata.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/xromata.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/xromata.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3099"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/xromata.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3099\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3199,"href":"https:\/\/xromata.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3099\/revisions\/3199"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/xromata.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3099"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/xromata.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3099"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/xromata.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3099"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}