{"id":3034,"date":"2011-09-06T05:00:14","date_gmt":"2011-09-06T05:00:14","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/xromata.com\/?p=3034"},"modified":"2015-01-13T11:59:23","modified_gmt":"2015-01-13T11:59:23","slug":"%cf%84%ce%bf%ce%b9%cf%87%ce%bf%ce%b3%cf%81%ce%b1%cf%86%ce%b9%ce%b5%cf%82-%cf%83%cf%80%ce%b7%ce%bb%ce%b1%ce%b9%cf%89%ce%bd-%ce%b2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/xromata.com\/?p=3034","title":{"rendered":"\u03a4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c0\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03c9\u03bd (\u0392) – Murals of caves (B)"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Οι τοιχογραφ\u03afες των σπηλα\u03afων<\/span><\/u><\/p>\n

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(μ\u03adρος Β)<\/u><\/span>
\n<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

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Τα σπ\u03aeλαια της Αλταμ\u03afρα ανακαλ\u03cdφθηκαν το 1879, εν\u03ce αυτ\u03ac του Λασκ\u03ce μ\u03ccλις το 1940. Η διατ\u03aeρηση των τοιχογραφι\u03ceν τους οφε\u03afλεται στις ειδικ\u03adς συνθ\u03aeκες που επικρατο\u03cdσαν μ\u03adσα σ’ αυτ\u03ac τα ασβεστολιθικ\u03ac σπ\u03aeλαια και τα θ\u03adματ\u03ac τους ε\u03afναι σχεδ\u03ccν αποκλειστικ\u03ac απεικον\u03afσεις ζ\u03ceων. Οι ανθρ\u03ceπινες μορφ\u03adς που συναντ\u03acμε ε\u03afναι ελ\u03acχιστες και πολ\u03cd σχηματικ\u03adς (στυλιζαρισμ\u03adνες) σε αντ\u03afθεση προς τον νατουραλισμ\u03cc με τον οπο\u03afο απεικον\u03afζονται οι ζωικ\u03adς μορφ\u03adς.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

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Τα ζωγραφισμ\u03adνα ζ\u03ceα ε\u03afναι μαμο\u03cdθ, β\u03afσωνες, τ\u03acρανδοι, ριν\u03ccκεροι, λιοντ\u03acρια, αιγοειδ\u03ae και \u03acλογα.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

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Οι χρωστικ\u03adς ουσ\u03afες που χρησιμοποιο\u03cdσαν προ\u03aeρχοντο απ\u03cc φυσικ\u03ac μεταλλε\u03cdματα και ορυκτ\u03ac, \u03ccπως \u03ceχρα, μαγγ\u03acνιο, αιματ\u03afτης.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Τα χρ\u03ceματα που χρησιμοποιο\u03cdσαν οι μακρινο\u03af αυτο\u03af πρ\u03ccγονο\u03af μας \u03aeταν σε γενικ\u03adς γραμμ\u03adς 6, τα εξ\u03aeς:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Κ\u03ccκκινη γη, μα\u03cdρη κ\u03acπνα, κ\u03afτρινη και καφετι\u03ac \u03ceχρα, \u03acσπρη κιμωλ\u03afα και \u03adνα ε\u03afδος μωβ γης. Η χρ\u03aeση του κ\u03ccκκινου και του μα\u03cdρου υπερτερε\u03af σημαντικ\u03ac \u03adναντι των \u03acλλων χρωμ\u03acτων. Αρχικ\u03ac η χρ\u03aeση του κ\u03ccκκινου \u03aeταν η κοιν\u03ccτερη, αλλ\u03ac σταδιακ\u03ac υποχ\u03ceρησε \u03adως \u03ccτου ισομερ\u03afστηκε με την χρ\u03aeση του μα\u03cdρου.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Πρ\u03ccσφατες αναλ\u03cdσεις απ\u03adδειξαν πως \u03ceχρες που πο\u03afκιλαν απ\u03cc κ\u03ccκκινη, κ\u03afτρινη, πορτοκαλ\u03af και καφετι\u03ac απ\u03ccχρωση, με την π\u03acροδο του χρ\u03ccνου    μεταλλ\u03acχθηκαν χρωματικ\u03ac, εν\u03ce \u03adνα φωτειν\u03cc κ\u03ccκκινο χρ\u03ceμα με την οξε\u03afδωση μετατρ\u03acπηκε σε μωβ \u03ae καφεκ\u03ccκκινο. Το μαγν\u03aeσιο π\u03aeρε μορφ\u03ae μα\u03cdρου, μπλε \u03ae καφ\u03ad χρ\u03ceματος.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

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Οι \u03acνθρωποι των σπηλα\u03afων κονιορτοποιο\u03cdσαν τις πρ\u03ceτες \u03cdλες που θα τους \u03adδιναν το χρ\u03ceμα και \u03ccταν \u03aeθελαν να τις χρησιμοποι\u03aeσουν τις ανακ\u03acτευαν με ζωικ\u03cc λ\u03afπος και \u03adτσι \u03adφτιαχναν τις μπογι\u03adς που \u03aeθελαν. Οι παραστ\u03acσεις τους \u03aeταν συν\u03aeθως μονοχρωματικ\u03adς, εν\u03ce διχρωμ\u03afα και πολυχρωμ\u03afα παρουσι\u03acζεται στις πρ\u03ceιμες και μεταγεν\u03adστερες απεικον\u03afσεις της μεγ\u03acλης αυτ\u03aeς περι\u03ccδου.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

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Μια αγαπημ\u03adνη συν\u03aeθεια των προ\u03caστορικ\u03ceν ανθρ\u03ceπων και ιδ\u03afως αυτ\u03ceν των πολ\u03cd παλαι\u03ccτερων χρ\u03ccνων \u03aeταν η χρωματικ\u03ae αποτ\u03cdπωση της παλ\u03acμης τους στα τοιχ\u03ceματα των σπηλα\u03afων \u03ae η χρωματικ\u03ae περιγραφ\u03ae της. Δηλαδ\u03ae \u03ae τ\u03cdπωναν την βαμμ\u03adνη ανοιχτ\u03ae παλ\u03acμη τους (βλ\u03adπε μο\u03cdντζα) π\u03acνω στα τοιχ\u03ceματα, \u03ae την ακουμπο\u03cdσαν και σχεδ\u03afαζαν με μπογι\u03ac το περ\u03afγραμμ\u03ac της. Αυτ\u03ae η 30 000 ετ\u03ceν συν\u03aeθεια δεν \u03adχει εκλε\u03afψει. Ακ\u03ccμα και σ\u03aeμερα αν π\u03acτε σε μικρ\u03ac αραβικ\u03ac χωρι\u03ac θα συναντ\u03aeσετε λασπ\u03ccσπιτα με μουντζωμ\u03adνους τους το\u03afχους, κυρ\u03afως απ\u03cc παλ\u03acμες μικρ\u03ceν παιδι\u03ceν, \u03adνα \u03adθιμο για την καταπολ\u03adμηση και τον εξορκισμ\u03cc του «κακο\u03cd ματιο\u03cd».  <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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\"\"<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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The murals<\/span><\/u><\/span> of the caves<\/span>
\n(Part<\/span> B)<\/span><\/span><\/u><\/p>\n

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The caves of<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>Altamira<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>were discovered<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>in 1879<\/span><\/span>, while those of <\/span><\/span>Lascaux<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>in<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>1940.<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>The preservation<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>of the frescoes<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>is due<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>to the specific conditions<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>prevailing<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>within these<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>limestone<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>caves and<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>their issues<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>are almost<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>exclusively<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>animal motifs<\/span><\/span>. <\/span><\/span>The<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>human figures<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>encountered<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>are minimal<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>and very<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>schematic<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>(<\/span><\/span>stylized) in contrast <\/span><\/span>to the<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>naturalism<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>with which<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>depicted<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>the<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>animal forms<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

The painted<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>animals are<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>mammoth,<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>bison<\/span><\/span>, <\/span><\/span>reindeer<\/span><\/span>, rhinoceros, lions, goats <\/span><\/span>and horses<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

The<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>used pigments<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>were from<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>natural<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>ores and<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>minerals such as<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>ocher,<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>manganese,<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>hematite.<\/span><\/span>
\nThe<\/span> <\/span>colors used<\/span> <\/span>by<\/span> <\/span>those distant<\/span> <\/span>ancestors<\/span> <\/span>were generally<\/span> <\/span>6<\/span>, the following:<\/span>
\nRed<\/span> <\/span>earth,<\/span> <\/span>black<\/span> <\/span>smoke<\/span>, yellow <\/span>and brown ocher<\/span>, white <\/span>chalk and<\/span> <\/span>a<\/span> <\/span>kind of<\/span> <\/span>purple<\/span> <\/span>land<\/span>. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

The use<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>of red and<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>black<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>predominates<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>over the other<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>colors.<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>Initially<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>the use<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>of red<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>was<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>the most common<\/span><\/span>, <\/span><\/span>but gradually<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>declined<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>until<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>balanced with<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>the<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>use of black<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span>
\nRecent analysis<\/span> <\/span>showed<\/span> <\/span>that<\/span> <\/span>ocher<\/span> <\/span>that<\/span> <\/span>ranged from<\/span> <\/span>red<\/span>, yellow, orange and <\/span>brown<\/span> <\/span>hue<\/span> <\/span>over<\/span> <\/span>the<\/span> <\/span>years<\/span> <\/span>had changed<\/span> <\/span>color<\/span>, while <\/span>a<\/span> <\/span>bright<\/span> <\/span>red<\/span> <\/span>color with<\/span> <\/span>oxidation<\/span> <\/span>became<\/span> <\/span>purple or<\/span> <\/span>reddish<\/span>. <\/span>Magnesium<\/span> <\/span>took<\/span> <\/span>the form of<\/span> <\/span>black<\/span>, <\/span>blue or<\/span> <\/span>brown<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

The<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>cavemen<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>pulverized<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>raw materials<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>that<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>give them<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>color and<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>when they wanted<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>to use<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>they<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>mixed with<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>animal fat<\/span><\/span>, so <\/span><\/span>they made<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>the<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>paint<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>they wanted.<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>The performances<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>were usually<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>monochromatic<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>and<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>two-tone<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>and<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>colorful<\/span><\/span> paintings <\/span><\/span>presented<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>on<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>early and<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>later depictions<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>of that long<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>period.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

A favorite habit of prehistoric human beings, especially those of the very old times, was a color snapshot of the hand palm on the walls of caves or its color description. That means the imprinting of painted open palm on the wall, or the colored drawing of the palm’s outline. This 30 000-year habit has not disappeared. Even today if you go to small Arab villages you may see in small mud houses walls covered with palm imprinting, mainly palms of young children, a custom for the exorcise the of "evil eye".<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Οι τοιχογραφ\u03afες των σπηλα\u03afων   (μ\u03adρος Β)     Τα σπ\u03aeλαια της Αλταμ\u03afρα ανακαλ\u03cdφθηκαν το 1879, εν\u03ce αυτ\u03ac του Λασκ\u03ce μ\u03ccλις το 1940. Η διατ\u03aeρηση των τοιχογραφι\u03ceν τους οφε\u03afλεται στις ειδικ\u03adς συνθ\u03aeκες που επικρατο\u03cdσαν μ\u03adσα σ’ αυτ\u03ac τα ασβεστολιθικ\u03ac σπ\u03aeλαια και τα θ\u03adματ\u03ac τους ε\u03afναι σχεδ\u03ccν αποκλειστικ\u03ac απεικον\u03afσεις ζ\u03ceων. Οι ανθρ\u03ceπινες μορφ\u03adς που […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[444,12],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3034","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-zografoi-kai-zografiki","category-texnes-kai-xromata"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/xromata.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3034","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/xromata.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/xromata.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/xromata.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/xromata.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3034"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/xromata.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3034\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6890,"href":"https:\/\/xromata.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3034\/revisions\/6890"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/xromata.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3034"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/xromata.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3034"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/xromata.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3034"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}